Eventos políticos en directo en Twitter: El caso de la noche electoral de 2015 en España
-
1
Universidad de Navarra
info
ISSN: 1989-8681
Datum der Publikation: 2019
Nummer: 10
Seiten: 123-145
Art: Artikel
Andere Publikationen in: Miguel Hernández Communication Journal
Zusammenfassung
In contemporary democratic society, Twitter can promote a genuine public debate where the discussion is not limited to established social actors. The goal is studying how media outlets, journalists, political parties, candidates, and citizens behave on Twitter while following the 2015 election night in Spain. A quantitative analysis has been used, specifically focused on the activity generated on Twitter during the period of vote counting (n=201,661 tweets). The data was captured with Tweet Binder, a web tool that allows the live monitoring of the flow of tweets related to an event using specific hashtags and keywords. The results reveal that media outlets are at the centre of Twitter activity (representation), but citizens gain high visibility by using humour in the conversation (participation). Founded on the distinctive characteristics of the Spanish context, this article contributes to the understanding of the role of Twitter during a live political event.
Bibliographische Referenzen
- Alonso-Muñoz, L., & Casero-Ripollés, A. (2018). Political agenda on Twitter during the 2016 Spanish elections: issues, strategies, and users’ responses. Communication & Society, 31(3), 7-25. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15581/003.31.3.7-25
- Ausserhofer, J., & Maireder, A. (2013). National Politics on Twitter. Structures and topics of a networked public sphere. Information, Communication & Society, 16(3), 291–314. DOI: https://doi. org/10.1080/1369118X.2012.756050
- Baviera, Tomás (2018). Influence in the political Twitter sphere: Authority and retransmission in the 2015 and 2016 Spanish General Elections. European Journal of Communication, 33(3), 321–337. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323118763910
- Bekafigo, M., & McBride, A. (2013). Who tweets about politics? Political participation of Twitter users during the 2011 gubernatorial elections. Social Science Computer Review, 31(5), 625-643. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439313490405
- Broersma, M., & Graham, T. (2012). Social media as beat: tweets as a news source during the 2010 British and Dutch elections. Journalism Practice, 6(3), 403-419. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/ 17512786.2012.663626
- Bruns, A., & Burgess, J. E. (2011). #Ausvotes: How twitter covered the 2010 Australian federal election. Communication, Politics & Culture, 44(2), 37-56.
- Bruns, A., & Highfield, T. (2013). Political Networks on Twitter: Tweeting the Queensland state election. Information, Communication & Society, 16(5), 667–691. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13691 18X.2013.782328
- Bruns, A., & Stieglitz, S. (2013). Towards More Systematic Twitter Analysis: Metrics for Tweeting Activities. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 16(2), 91-108. DOI: 10.1080/13645579.2012.756095
- Carpentier, N. (2011). Media and participation: A site of ideological-democratic struggle. Bristol, UK: Intellect.
- Castells, M. (2008). The New Public Sphere: Global Civil Society, Communication Networks, and Global Governance. ANNALS, AAPSS, 616, 78-93. DOI: https://doi. org/10.1177/0002716207311877
- Coleman, S., & Blumler, J. G. (2009). The Internet and democratic citizenship: Theory, practice and policy. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
- Chadwick, A. (2013). The hybrid media system: Politics and power. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
- Dahlgren, P. (2005). The Internet, public spheres, and political communication: Dispersion and deliberation. Political Communication, 22(2), 147-162. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10584600590933160
- Deuze, M. (2003). The web and its journalisms: considering the consequences of different types of newsmedia online. New Media & Society, 5(2), 203–230. DOI: https://doi. org/10.1177/1461444803005002004
- D’heer, E., & Verdegem, P. (2014). Conversations about the elections on Twitter: Towards a structural understanding of Twitter’s relation with the political and the media field. European Journal of Communication, 29(6), 720-734. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323114544866
- Dubois, E., & Blank, G. (2018). The echo chamber is overstated: the moderating effect of political interest and diverse media. Information, Communication & Society, 21(5), 729-745. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2018.1428656
- Esteve, M., & Borge, R. (2018). Echo Chambers in Parliamentary Twitter Networks: The Catalan Case. International Journal of Communication 12, 1715–1735. DOI: https://doi.org/1932– 8036/20180005
- Europa Press (2015, November 25). ¿Quiénes son los periodistas más influyentes para nuestros políticos? Retrieved from http://www.europapress.es/portaltic/socialmedia/noticia-quienes-son periodistas mas-influyentes-politicos-20150521191145.html
- Ferree, M. M., Gamson, W. A., Gerhards, J., & Rucht, D. (2002). Four Models of the Public Sphere in Modern Democracies. Theory and Society, 31(3), 289-324. DOI: https://doi. org/10.1023/A:1016284431021
- Freelon, D., & Karpf, D. (2015). Of Big Birds and bayonets: Hybrid Twitter interactivity in the 2012 presidential debates. Information, Communication & Society, 18(4), 390-406. DOI: https://doi. org/10.1080/1369118X.2014.952659
- Giglietto, F., & Selva, D. (2014). Second screen and participation: a content analysis on a full season dataset of tweets. Journal of Communication, 64(2), 260-277. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/ jcom.12085
- Gil de Zúñiga, H., García-Perdomo, V., & McGregor, S. C. (2015). What is second screening? Exploring motivations of second screen use and its effects on online political participation. Journal of Communication, 65(5), 793-815. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12174
- Graham, T., Broersma, M., Hazelhoff, K., & Van’t Haar, G. (2013). Between broadcasting political messages and interacting with voters. The use of Twitter during the 2010 UK general election campaign. Information, Communication & Society, 16(5), 692-716. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1 080/1369118X.2013.785581
- Graham, T., Jackson, D., & Broersma, M. (2016). New platform, old habits? Candidates’ use of Twitter during the 2010 British and Dutch general elections campaigns. New Media & Society, 18(5), 765-783. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444814546728
- Guo, Lei, Rohde, Jacob A., & Wu, H. Denis (2018). Who is responsible for Twitter’s echo chamber problem? Evidence from 2016 U.S. election networks. Information, Communication & Society, 21(12). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2018.1499793
- Hosch-Dayican, B., Amrit, C., Aarts, K., & Dassen, A. (2016). How do online citizens persuade fellow voters? Using Twitter during the 2012 Dutch Parliamentary Election campaign. Social Science Computer Review, 34(2), 135-152. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439314558200
- Honeycutt, C., & Herring, S. C. (2009). Beyond microblogging: Conversation and collaboration via Twitter. In HICSS ’09: Proceedings of the 42nd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (pp. 1-10). Washington: IEEE Computer Society.
- Humphreys, L., Gill, P., Krishnamurthy, B., & Newbury, E. (2013). Historizing New Media: A Content Analysis of Twitter. Journal of Communication, 63(3), 413-431. DOI: https://doi. org/10.1111/jcom.12030
- Jenkins, H., Allen, D., Bailey, M., Carpentier, N., Fenton, N., Lothian, A., Qiu, J. L., Schäfer, M. T., & Srinivasan, R. (2014). Participations: Dialogues on the Participatory Promise of Contemporary Culture and Politics. Forum. International Journal of Communication, 8, 1129-1151. DOI: https://doi.org/1932–8036/2014FRM0002
- Jenkins, H., Ford, S., & Green, J. (2013). Spreadable Media: Creating Value and Meaning in a Networked Culture. New York: NYU Press.
- Jungherr, A. (2014). The logic of political coverage on Twitter: Temporal dynamics and content. Journal of Communication, 64(2), 239-259. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12087
- Jungherr, A., Schoen, H., & Jürgens, P. (2015). The Mediation of Politics through Twitter: An Analysis of Messages posted during the Campaign for the German Federal Election 2013. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 21, 50-68. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jcc4.12143
- Karlsson, M., Bergström, A., Clerwall, C., & Fast, K. (2015). Participatory journalism – the (r) evolution that wasn’t. Content and user behavior in Sweden 2007-2013. Journal of ComputerMediated Communication, 20, 295-311. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jcc4.12115
- Kwak, H., Lee, C., Park, H., & Moon, S. (2010). What is Twitter, a social network or a news media? In WWW’10: Proceedings of the 19th international conference on the world wide web (pp. 591-600). New York: ACM.
- Larsson, A. O. (2014). Everyday elites, citizens, or extremists? Assessing the use and users of non-election political hashtags. MedieKultur Journal of media and communication research, 56, 61- 78. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7146/mediekultur.v30i56.8951
- Larsson, A. O., & Ihlen, O. (2015). Birds of a feather flock together? Party leaders on Twitter during the 2013 Norwegian elections. European Journal of Communication, 30(6), 666-681. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323115595525
- Larsson, A. O., & Moe, H. (2011). Studying political microblogging: Twitter users in the 2010 Swedish election campaign. New Media & Society, 14(5), 729–747. DOI: https://doi. org/10.1177/1461444811422894
- Larsson, A. O., & Moe, H. (2013). Representation or Participation? Twitter use during the 2011 Danish Election Campaign. Javnost The Public, 20(1), 71-88. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/131 83222.2013.11009109
- Larsson, A. O., & Moe, H. (2014). Triumph of the Underdogs? Comparing Twitter Use by Political Actors During Two Norwegian Election Campaigns. SAGE Open, October-December, 1-13. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244014559015
- Lecheler, S., & Kruikemeier, S. (2016). Re-evaluating journalistic routines in a digital age: a review of research on the use of online sources. New Media & Society, 18(1), 156-171. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444815600412
- Limia, M., López, X., & Toural, C. (2016). La interactividad y la conversación como motor de la innovación. In C. Sádaba, J. A. García Avilés, & M. P. Martínez-Costa (Coords.), Innovación y desarrollo de los cibermedios en España (pp. 49-60). Pamplona: Eunsa.
- Maireder, A., Weeks, B. E., Gil de Zúñiga, H., & Schlögl, S. (2015). Big Data and Political Social Networks: Introducing Audience Diversity and Communication Connector Bridging Measures in Social Network Theory. Social Science Computer Review, 1-16. DOI: https://doi. org/10.1177/0894439315617262
- Messner, M., Linke, M., & Eford, A. (2011, April). Shoveling tweets: an analysis of the microblogging engagements of traditional news organizations. Paper presented at the 11th International Symposium on Online Journalism, Austin, TX. Retrieved from https://online.journalism.utexas.edu/2011/ papers/Messner2011.pdf
- Molyneux, L. (2015). What journalists retweet: Opinion, humor, and brand development on Twitter. Journalism, 6(7), 920-935. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884914550135
- Moon, S. J., & Hadley, P. (2014). Routinizing a New Technology in the Newsroom: Twitter as a News Source in Mainstream Media. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 58(2), 289-305. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/08838151.2014.906435
- Papacharissi, Z., & De Fatima Oliveira, M. (2012). Affective news and networked publics: the rhythms of news storytelling on #Egypt. Journal of Communication, 62(2), 266-282. DOI: https:// doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2012.01630.x
- Paulussen, S., Heinonen, A., Domingo, D., & Quandt, T. (2007). Doing it Together: Citizen Participation in the Professional News Making Process. Observatorio (OBS*) Journal, 3, 131-154. DOI: https://doi.org/1646-5954/ERC123483/2007
- Park, C. S. (2013). Does Twitter motivate involvement in politics? Tweeting, opinion leadership, and political engagement. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(4), 1641-1648. DOI: https://doi. org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.01.044
- Parmelee, J. H. (2014). The agenda-building function of political tweets. New Media & Society, 16(3), 434–450. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444813487955
- Rauchfleisch, A., & Metag, J. (2016). The special case of Switzerland: Swiss politicians on Twitter. New Media & Society, 18(10), 2413-2431. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444815586982
- Tumasjan, A., Sprenger, T. O., Sandner, P. G., & Welpe, I. M. (2010). Predicting elections with Twitter: What 140 characters reveal about political sentiment. In Proceedings of the Fourth International AAAI Conference on Weblogs and Social Media (pp. 178-185). Menlo Park, CA: The AAAI Press.
- Vaccari, C., Chadwick, A., & O’Loughlin, B. (2015). Dual Screening the Political: Media Events, Social Media, and Citizen Engagement. Journal of Communication, 65, 1041–1061. DOI: https:// doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12187
- Vaccari, C., & Valeriani, A. (2015). Follow the leader! Direct and indirect flows of political communication during the 2013 Italian general election campaign. New Media & Society, 17(7), 1025–1042. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444813511038
- Wallsten, K. (2015). Non-elite Twitter sources rarely cited in coverage. Newspaper Research Journal, 36(1), 24-40. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0739532915580311