Arabia SaudíUn coloso con los pies de barro
-
1
Universidad de Navarra
info
ISSN: 2386-9453
Año de publicación: 2021
Título del ejemplar: Crisis y reconfiguración en Oriente Medio y El Cáucaso
Número: 57
Páginas: 101-148
Tipo: Artículo
Otras publicaciones en: Revista UNISCI / UNISCI Journal
Resumen
The political-religious foundation of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is Wahhabism that marks its identity, society and politics. The Al Saud dynasty defends and expands Sunni Islam in the region and beyond its borders. In order to understand the interests and objectives of Saudi foreign policy, this article analyzes the main geopolitical elements at the service of the stability and hegemony of the Al Saud house in the most turbulent region of the Middle East. The Saudi government is developing a foreign policy, unsuspected in the past, to maintain its historic alliance with Washington, despite the ups and downs, and to transform the old rivalries between Riyadh and Tehran into new opportunities, including with Israel. This change in Saudi foreign policy is due to the controversial Crown Prince Mohamed bin Salman who knows how to take advantage of the changing regional geopolitics and Saudi financial instruments, but also the military and technological in favor of a more proactive and modern Saudi Arabia, despite his weaknesses.
Referencias bibliográficas
- “Arabia Saudí y Rusia sellan veinte acuerdos durante la visita de Putin”, La Vangardia, 14 de octubre de 2019.
- “Saudi Arabia Backgrounder: Who are the Islamists?”, International Crisis Group, Middle East and North Africa, 21 September 2004, en https://www.crisisgroup.org/middle-east-northafrica/gulf-and-arabian-peninsula/saudi-arabia/saudi-arabia-backgrounder-who-are-islamists.
- Aarts, Paul. y Roelants, Carolien. (2015): Saudi Arabia, a kingdom in peril. Hurst & Company, Londres.
- AL Qassemi, Sultan: “Qatar's Brotherhood Ties Alienate Fellow Gulf States” en Al Monitor, 23 January 2013.
- Al Yousif, Mohammed y Al Bakr, Ahmed: “Tourism Development Effect on Saudi Economic Diversification”, SAMA Working Paper, March 2017, en https://islamicmarkets.com/publications/tourism-development-effect-on-saudi-economicdiversification
- Al-Bakiri, Nabeel: “The UAE’s withdrawal from Yemen”. Middle East Monitor, 12 July 2019 en https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20190712-the-uaes-withdrawal-from-yemen/
- Al-Ghamdi, Saleh bin Mohammed: “Saudi Foreign Policy-The policy of principles”, en The Saudi non-resident Ambassador to Bulgaria delivers a lecture at the Diplomatic Institute of Sofia. Diplomatic Institute of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bulgaria, 30 March 2011, en https://www.mofa.gov.sa/sites/mofaen/KingdomForeignPolicy/Pages/ForeignPolicy24605.aspx
- Al-Rasheed, Madawi (2018): Salman’s Legacy. The Dilemmas of a New Era in Saudi Arabia, Oxford University Press
- Al-Rasheed, Madawi (2003): Historia de Arabia Saudí, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press
- Al-Rasheed, Madawi (2013): A most masculine state. Gender, politics and religion in Saudi Arabia. New York, Cambridge University Press.
- Al-Rasheed, Madawi (2021): The Son King Reform and Repression in Saudi Arabia, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
- Alahmed, Ali: “Which lesson will Biden teach MBS?”, 5 May 2021, en https://thehill.com/opinion/international/554814-which-lesson-will-biden-teach-mbs
- Alghussein, Bassima and Stacey, Jeffrey. “How Saudi Arabia Botched Its Campaign Against Qatar. The Costs of the Pressure on Doha” Foreign Affairs, 12 July 2017 en https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/middle-east/2017-07-12/how-saudi-arabia-botchedits-campaign-against-qatar
- “An unholy pact”, The Economist, 25 January 2015, en https://www.economist.com/leaders/2015/01/29/an-unholy-pact
- Arechalde, Begoña: “Por qué Israel y Arabia Saudí (todavía) no van a normalizar relaciones”, 28 de febrero de 2021, en https://elordenmundial.com/por-que-israel-y-arabia-saudi-no-vantodavia-a-normalizar-relaciones/
- Baker, Aryn: “Down and out in Saudi Arabia” Time, 3 June 2013, en http://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,2144028-1,00.html
- Baskan, Birol y Wright, Steven: “Seeds of change: comparing state-religion relations in Qatar and Saudi Arabia” Arab Studies Quarterly. vol.33, nº 2 (Spring 2011), pp. 96-111.
- Bermejo García, Romualdo y Gutiérrez Espada, Cesáreo: “El programa nuclear iraní en el ojo del huracán”, Revista Española de Derecho Internacional, vol. 57, n.º 1 (2005), pp. 105-119.
- Bermejo García, Romualdo y López-Jacoiste Diaz, Eugenia: “La reforma institucional de Naciones Unidas”, UNISCI Discussion Papers, nº 10 (January/enero 2006), en http://www.unisci.es/la-reforma-institucional-de-las-naciones-unidas/
- Bermúdez, Ángel: “Arabia Saudí vs Irán: por qué estos archirrivales han iniciado un diálogo "sin precedentes"” BBC News Mundo, de 19 de mayo de 2021, en https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-internacional-57124106.
- Biosca Aizcoiti, Javier: “La princesa y el príncipe desaparecidos de Arabia Saudí: los suyos confían en el poder de Biden para su salvación”, El Diario.es, 6 de febrero de 2021, en https://www.eldiario.es/internacional/principes-desaparecidos-arabia-saudi-confianbiden-liberacion_1_7191024.html
- Bordón, Javier: “El conflicto de Yemen y Arabia Saudí: sin influencia para resolver, pero con motivos para no hacerlo”, Real Instituto Elcano, 23 de julio de 2020, ARI, 70/2021,
- Braunsteine Jürgen and McPherson-Smith, Oliver: “Although cooperation with China can help Saudi Arabia boost production of solar power, global trade dynamics may complicate the kingdom’s renewable energy goals”, 7 May 2019, en https://carnegieendowment.org/sada/79079
- Carter Ash (2019): Inside the Five-Sided Box, New York, Penguin.
- Clinton Hillary Rodhan (2014): Hard Choises, New York, Simon &Shuster Conceição, Pedro: La Próxima frontera. El desarrollo y el Antropoceno, Informe sobre desarrollo humano 2020, en http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr_2020_overview_spanish.pdf
- Cuadro, Mariela: “Nuevo rey y cambios en la política saudí: de la amenaza de la Hermandad Musulmana al peligro iraní”, Anuario de Relaciones Internacionales, Departamento de Oriente Medio, 2015, en https://www.iri.edu.ar/publicaciones_iri/anuario/anuario_2015/Demo/AS%20por%20MC.pd
- Dazi-Héni, Fatiha: “Arabia Saudí contra Irán: un equilibrio regional de poder”, Revista de análisis y pensamiento sobre el mundo árabe e islámico contemporánea, n.º 8 (2013), pp. 23-35.
- Domínguez Diaz, Francisco Antonio. (2020): “Monográfico sor el mundo árabe”, en Estudios contemporáneos sobre geopolítica, conflictos armados y cooperación internacional, Libia Arenal Lora (coord.), Universidad Internacional de Andalucía.
- Dorsey, James M. (2017): “Saudi crackdown raises specter of wider dissent”, The Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies, BESA Center Perspectives Paper nº 635, 6 November 2017, en https: https://besacenter.org/saudi-crackdown/
- Dorsey, James M.: The Russian FM’s Gulf Tour. A Bellwether of US Saudi Relations, The Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies, BESA Center Perspectives Paper nº 1956, 9 March 2021.
- Echeverría, Carlos: “La dimensión ideológica del Islam y del Islamismo y su reflejo a lo largo de la historia”, en Carlos Echeverría (coord.) (2018): Democracia e Islam, ¿una relación imposible? Comares, Granada, pp. 1-12.
- El-Erian, Mohamed A: “Saudi Arabia’s attempt to reduce reliance on oil has the world rapt”, The Guardian, 16 May 2016, en https://www.theguardian.com/business/2016/may/16/saudi-arabia-reduce-reliance-oil-vision2030
- Europa Press, “Los países del Golfo firman un acuerdo para poner fin a la crisis diplomática con Qatar”, 5 de enero de 2021, en https://www.europapress.es/internacional/noticia-principe-heredero-saudi-recibe-emir-qatarcumbre-ccg-acuerdo-reabrir-fronteras-20210105130309.html
- Evans, Malcolm: “Case concerning maritime delimitation and territorial questions between Qatar and Bahrein (Qatar v. Bahrein)”, The International and comparative Law Quarterly, vol. 51 (2002), pp. 709-772
- Even, Shamuel y Guzansky, Yoel: “Saudi Arabia’s Vision 2030: Reducing the Dependency on Oil”, The Institute for National Security Studies, INSS Insight. nº 819, 6 May 2016, en http://www.inss.org.il/publication/saudi-arabias-vision-2030-reducingthe-dependency-on-oil/
- Farouk, Yasmine: “Saudi Arabia’s Foreign Policy”, 24 May 2021, en https://gjia.georgetown.edu/2021/05/24/dr-yasmine-farouk-on-saudi-arabias-foreign-policy/
- Farouk, Yasmine: “What Would Happen If Israel and Saudi Arabia Established Official Relations?”, 15 October 2020, en https://carnegieendowment.org/2020/10/15/what-wouldhappen-if-israel-and-saudi-arabia-established-official-relations-pub-82964
- Fathallah, Hadi: “The implementation of Vision 2030 is bypassing state institutions, creating a public policy crisis and further weakening government institution”, 22 May 2019, en https://carnegieendowment.org/sada/79188
- Gardner, Frank: “Saudi Arabia’s king Salman marks year of change” BBC News, 22 de enero de 2016, en https:// www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-35370801
- Ghattas, Kim: “What Jamal Khashoggi’s Murder Tells Us About the Saudi-Iran Rivalry”, 2 October 2019, en https://carnegieendowment.org/2019/10/02/what-jamal-khashoggi-s-murdertells-us-about-saudi-iran-rivalry-pub-79988
- Gil Pérez, Javier (2018): “Análisis de las políticas exteriores de los grandes faros iluminadores del islamismo en la actualidad: Arabia Saudí, Qatar, Turquía, Emiratos Árabes Unidos, Kuwait e Irán”, en Carlos Echeverría (coord.): Democracia e Islam, ¿una relación imposible? Comares, Granada.
- Hadifi, Meryen. “La nueva geopolítica rusa en Oriente Medio”, Atalayar, 24 agosto 2021, en https://atalayar.com/content/la-nueva-geopol%C3%ADtica-rusa-en-oriente-medio
- Hakala, Pekka. (2013): “Cautions reform in Saudi Arabia”, Directorate General for Internal Policies, European Parliament, en https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/briefing_note/join/2013/491504/EXPOAFET_SP(2013)491504_EN.pdf
- Hammond, Andrew: “Liberal pockets in Saudi Arabia’s rigid state”, Reuters, 19 August 2008, en https://www.reuters.com/article/us-saudi-econcities-society-idUSL22101098020080820
- Harvey, Katherine (2021): A Self-Fulfilling Prophecy. The Saudi Struggle for Iraq, C Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd.
- Herdenson, Simon: “Saudi visit to Washington will have a thorny agenda”, 6 July 2021, en https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/saudi-visit-washington-will-have-thornyagenda
- Herdenson, Simon: “Saudi visit to Washington will have a thorny agenda”, 6 July 2021, en https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/saudi-visit-washington-will-have-thornyagenda
- Hernández Martínez, David. “La Alianza de Estados Unidos y Arabia Saudí en el siglo XXI. La presidencia de Georg W. Bush, Barack Obama y Donald Trump”, Revista del Instituto Español de Estudios Estratégicos, nº 15 (2020), pp. 43-66.
- Hernández Martínez, David. (2020): El reino de Arabia Saudí, Madrid, Catarata,
- Hiltermann, Joost: “From Diatribes to Dialogue: Why Iran and Saudi Arabia Are Talking”, International Crisis Group, 7 May 2021, en https://www.crisisgroup.org/middle-east-northafrica/gulf-and-arabian-peninsula/iran/diatribes-dialogue-why-iran-and-saudi-arabia-aretalking
- Hussain, Zakir. “Saudi Arabia‘s Red Sea Project: Harnessing Tourism for Diversifications”, Indian Council of World Affairs, (August 2017), pp. 1-11.
- ICG Middle East: “Can Saudi Arabia Reform Itself?”, Report nº 28, 2014 en https://www.crisisgroup.org/middle-east-north-africa/gulf-and-arabian-peninsula/saudiarabia/can-saudi-arabia-reform-itself
- Jahner, Ariel: “Saudi Arabia and Iran: The struggle for power and influence in the Gulf”, International Affairs Review, vol. XX, nº 3 (Spring 2012), pp. 37-50
- James G. Blight et al. (2012): Becoming Enemies U. S.-Iran Relations and the Iran-Irak War, 1979-1988. Lanham (Maryland), Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
- “Joe Biden looks to end the war in Yemen”, The Economist, 11 February 2021, en https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2021/02/13/joe-biden-looks-to-end-thewar-in-yemen
- Johnson, Keith and Gramer, Robbie: “How the Bottom Fell out of the U.S.-Saudi Alliance”, 23 April 2020, en https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/04/23/saudi-arabia-trump-congress-breakingpoint-relationship-oil-geopolitics/
- Jones, Toby Craig: (2010): Desert Kingdom. How oil and water forged modern Saudi Arabia. Harvard University Press, London.
- Joyner, Daniel H.: (2016): Iran’s nuclear program and the international law: from confrontation to accord, New York, Oxford University Press.
- Kerry, John (2018): Every Day is Extra, New York, Simon & Shuster.
- Khan, Taimur: “How Qatar's Policy on the Muslim Brotherhood Burns the GCC”, Nacional, 19 de marzo de 2014, en www.thenational.ae/world/qatar/20140319/how-qatars-policy-on-the-muslim-brotherhoodquema-el-gcc # ixzz39bWOE3zf .
- Kilani, Abdulaziz: “After Yemen, the UAE’s next target could be Libya”, Middle East Monitor July 19, 2019, en https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20190719-after-yemen-the-uaes-nexttarget-could-be-libya/
- “La Supercopa se jugará en Arabia Saudí los próximos tres años a cambio de 40 millones por temporada”, La Vanguardia, 11 de noviembre de 2019, en https://www.lavanguardia.com/deportes/futbol/20191111/471524510810/supercopaespanaarabiasaudi-tres-temporadas-40-millones.html
- Legranzi, Matteo: “La Nuova Arabia Saudita: ¿isolata o protagonista?”, Vita e Pensiero, vol. 6, (2017), pp. 47-52.
- Legranzi, Matteo: “Shaking things up: Gulf security after Iran deal”, INSSSL Defence Review Colombo, Institute of National Security Studies Sri Lanka, vol. 1, (2017), pp. 41-48, https://www.lavanguardia.com/vida/20180508/443428775602/arabia-saudi-apoya-decisionde-trump-de-retirarse-del-pacto-nuclear-con-iran.html
- Leyland, Adam: “Saudi Arabia could be bankrupt within five years, IMF predicts” The Independent, 24 October 2015 en https://www.independentespanol.com/?utm_source=redirect
- Lin, Christina: “ISIS and the Saudi Wahhabi Threat to Asian Security”, ISPSW Strategy Series: Focus on Defense and International Security, nº 365 (July 2015).
- Lopes da Silva, Diego, and Marksteiner, Alexandra: “Trends in world military expenditure, 2020”, SIPRI Fact Sheet. (April 2021), pp. 1-12, en https://sipri.org/sites/default/files/2021-04/fs_2104_milex_0.pdf
- López-Jacoiste Diaz, Eugenia. “La crisis de Libia desde la perspectiva de la responsabilidad de proteger”, Anuario Español de Derecho Internacional, XXVII, (2011), pp.109-152.
- Lynch, Marc: “Saudi Arabia’s Counter-Revolution” Foreign Policy. 10 August 2011.
- Mabon, Simon: “Muting the Trumpets of Sabotage: Saudi Arabia, The US and quest o to Securitize Iran”, British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies. vol. 45, nº 5 (2017), pp. 1-18.
- Mikaïl, Barah: “Geopolítica del conflicto entre sunníes y chiíes: una visión global”, Revista de análisis y pensamiento sobre el mundo árabe e islámico contemporánea, nº 8, (2013), pp. 1-17.
- Miller, David A: “The Future of U.S.-Saudi Relations Following Report Tying Khashoggi Killing Approval to Crown Prince, 1 March 2021, en https://archive.kpcc.org/programs/airtalk/2021/03/01/66544/the-future-of-us-saudi-relationsfollowing-report
- Miller, David A. and Sokolsky, Richard: “How Biden Will End the Trump Sugar High for Israel and Saudi Arabia”, 22 February 2021, en https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2021/02/22/how-biden-will-end-the-trump-sugarhigh-for-isra
- Miller, David A., and Sokolsky, Richard: “Saudi Arabia and Israel Are Pushing US to Confront Iran. Trump Shouldn’t Take the Bait”, 21 May 2019 en https://carnegieendowment.org/2019/05/21/saudi-arabia-and-israel-are-pushing-us-toconfront-iran.-trump-shouldn-t-take-bait-pub-79181
- Miller, David A., and Sokolsky, Richard: “Saudi Arabia is a partner, not an ally. Let’s stop the charade”, The Washington Post, 4 March 2021, en https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2021/03/04/biden-khashoggi-saudi-arabia-crownprince/
- Monge, Yolanda: “EEUU hace efectiva la salida de Afganistán al abandonar la base militar de Bagram”, El País, 2 de julio de 2021, en https://elpais.com/internacional/2021-07-02/estadosunidos-se-retira-de-bagram-su-base-mas-importante-en-afganistan.html
- Morán, Carlos: “El AVE a la Meca: las claves del nuevo conflicto de Arabia Saudí”, Expansión, de 18 de febrero de 2020 en https://www.expansion.com/empresas/transporte/2020/02/18/5e4afde9468aebad7c8b45c7.html
- Nagi, Ahmed: “Yenemi borders markets: from economic incubator to military frontline”, 14 June 2021, en https://carnegie-mec.org/2021/06/14/yemeni-border-markets-from-economicincubator-to-military-frontline-pub-84752
- Nagi, Ahmed: When Less May Mean More”, 22 July 2019, en https://carnegiemec.org/diwan/79538
- Navarro, Beatriz: “La CIA acusa al príncipe heredero saudí de "ordenar" el asesinato de Khashoggi”, La Vanguardia, 27 de febrero de 2021, en https://www.lavanguardia.com/internacional/20210226/6260394/cia-arabia-saudi-principekhashoggi-disidente.html
- “Neom: la ciudad futurista del Príncipe heredero saudí”, (diciembre de 2017) https://www.gualestrit.com/neom-la-ciudad-futurista-del-principe-heredero-saudi
- Obama Barack (2020): Una tierra prometida, Barcelona, Debate, 928 pp.
- Ottaway, Marina y Muasher, Marwan: “Arab monarchies. Chance for reform, yet unmet” Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.The Carnegie paper. Middle East, December 2011 en http://carnegieendowment.org/2011/12/16/arabmonarchies-chance-for-reform-yet-unmetpub-46243
- Parsi, Trita: “Why Mohammed bin Salman wants to talk to Iran”, Foreign Policy, 29 April 2021 en https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/04/29/saudi-arabia-iran-uae-mohammed-bin-salman-secret-talksbiden-withdrawal-pivot-middle-east/
- Poza Cano, David: “El derrumbe del ‘statu quo’ en Oriente Próximo: las estrategias de seguridad de Irán y Arabia Saudí”, Instituto Español de Estudios Estratégicos, Documento de Opinión, n.º 10 (2017), pp. 1-16, en http://www.ieee.es/Galerias/fichero/docs_opinion/2017/DIEEEO10-2017_OrienteProximo_DavidPoza.pdf
- Pozo Serrano, Pilar: “La retirada de Estados Unidos del Plan de Acción Integral Conjunto y la reimposición de sanciones a Irán: aspectos jurídicos y políticos”, Anuario Español de Derecho Internacional, vol. 35 (2019), pp. 219-259.
- Priego Moreno, Alberto: “La Primaveras Árabes: la influencia de Catar y sus relaciones con los Estado del Golfo”, Revista UNISCI, n.º 39 (octubre 2015), pp. 233-253, p. 234
- Priego Moreno, Alberto: “La nueva política exterior de Arabia Saudí”, Instituto Español de Estudios Estratégicos, Documento marco, n.º 18 (2015), pp. 1-20, en http://www.ieee.es/Galerias/fichero/docs_marco/2015/DIEEEM18-2015_NuevaPoliticaExterior_ArabiaSaudi_A.Priego.pdf
- Rahman, Omar H.: “The emergence of GCC-Israel relations in a changing Middle East”, 28 July 2021, en https://www.brookings.edu/research/the-emergence-of-gcc-israel-relations-in-achanging-middle-east/
- Rodríguez, Ana: “Arabia saudí invierte más de 7.700 millones de dólares en algunas de las empresas más conocida del mundo”, Atalaya, 18 de mayo de 2020.
- Sáinz Jorge: “Pedro Sánchez busca inversiones el fondo soberano saudí para rescatar empresas españolas”, Voz populi, 21 de febrero de 2021, en https://www.vozpopuli.com/espana/sanchezarabia-saudi-rescatar-empresas.html
- Seilkay, May, Roodsaz, Rahil y Van Egten, Corine: “The situation of the women in the Gulf States”, Directorate General for Internal Policies, European Parliament, 2014 en https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2014/509985/IPOL_STU(2014)509985_EN.pdf
- Shane, Scott: “Saudis and Extremism ‘Both the Arsonists and the Firefighters’”, New York Times, 26 August 2016.
- SIPRI Yearbook 2020: Armaments, disarmament and international security, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2020.
- Smith, Saphora and De Luce, Dan: “U.S.-Saudi ties were especially close under Trump. Biden, the looks likely to change”, 12 November 2020, en https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/lessprivileged-personal-how-u-s-saudi-ties-may-soon-n1247439
- Taher, Abdulhadi Hassan (2011): Petroleum, gas and development strategies of Saudi Arabia. London, Saqi Books.
- Teitelbaum, Joshua: “Saudi Arabia and the new strategic landscape,” Middle East Review of International Affairs, vol. 14, nº 3 (September 2010) pp. 38-44.
- Wilson, Peter W. y Graham, Douglas F. (1994): Saudi Arabia. The coming storm. M.E. Sharpe, Nueva York, pp. 131-133.
- Yamani, Mai: “The two faces of Saudi Arabia”, Survival. vol. 50, nº 1 (February-March, 2008), pp. 143-156.
- Yom, Sean L. y Gause, Gregory: “Resilient royals: how Arab monarchies hang on”, Journal of Democracy, vol. 23, nº 4 (October 2012), pp. 74-88.