Consideraciones sobre el intervalo de vulnerabilidad de la adolescencia

  1. José Víctor Orón Semper
  2. Luis Enrique Echarte Alonso
Aldizkaria:
Cuadernos de bioética

ISSN: 1132-1989 2386-3773

Argitalpen urtea: 2017

Alea: 28

Zenbakia: 92

Orrialdeak: 13-27

Mota: Artikulua

Beste argitalpen batzuk: Cuadernos de bioética

Laburpena

En este artículo se explora la hipótesis de que si bien, la maduración relacionada con habilidades cognitivas alcanza su madurez entorno a la quincena primera de vida, la maduración de las habilidades sociales se retrasa hasta bien entrado los veinte. Nuestro objetivo es tratar de definir cuál es esa ventana de posibilidad/vulnerabilidad y cuál es la situación madurativa del joven en ese intervalo. En este contexto, argumentamos cómo la determinación del momento madurativo del cierre de la adolescencia tiene repercusiones sobre la valoración de la autonomía en la toma de decisiones de la persona. Concretamente señalamos aquellas vinculadas a la valoración de la autonomía del joven en cuestiones sanitarias, y también en responsabilidad penal. En las conclusiones ofrecemos algunos criterios educativos que puedan servir de orientación para la implementación tanto de políticas sociales como de programas educativos.

Erreferentzia bibliografikoak

  • Andres-Trelles, F. “Psychiatric diseases moving towards adolescents and children: How much room is there for extrapolation?” Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 25, (2015), 1039–44.
  • Aristóteles. Ética a Nicómaco, Gredos, Madrid, 1985.
  • Bastian, B., Kuppens, P., De Roover, K., Diener, E. “Is valuing positive emotion associated with life satisfaction?” Emotion 14, (2014), 639–45.
  • Bissonette, G.B., Schoenbaum, G., Roesch, M.R., Powell, E.M. “Interneurons Are Necessary for Coordinated Activity During Reversal Learning in Orbitofrontal Cortex.” Biol Psychiatry 77, (2015), 454–64.
  • Blakemore, S.J., Decety, J. “From the perception of action to the understanding of intention.” Nat Rev Neurosci 2, (2001), 561–7.
  • Caouette, J.D., Guyer, A.E. “Gaining insight into adolescent vulnerability for social anxiety from developmental cognitive neuroscience.” Dev Cogn Neurosci 8, (2014), 65–76.
  • Casey, B.J., Somerville, L.H., Gotlib, I.H., Ayduk, O., Franklin, N.T., Askren, M.K., et al. “Behavioral and neural correlates of delay of gratification 40 years later.” Proc Natl Acad Sci 108, (2011), 14998–5003.
  • Crone, E.A., Dahl, R.E. “Understanding adolescence as a period of social-affective engagement and goal flexibility”. Nat Rev Neuroscience 13, (2012), 636–50.
  • Dahl, R.E. “Adolescent Brain development: a Period of vulnerabilities and Opportunities.” Ann N Y Acad Sci 1021, (2004), 1021:1-22.
  • Dekovic, M., Meeus, W. “Peer relations in adolescence : effects of parenting and adolescents’ self-concept.” J Adolesc 20, (1997),163–76.
  • Delgado L.L.A. “The Inherent Reward of Choice.” Psychol Sci 22, (2011), 1310-8.
  • Delgado-Mejía, I.D., Etchepareborda, M.C., “Trastornos de las funciones ejecutivas. Diagnístico y tratamiento.” Rev Neurol 57, Supl 1, (2013), 95–103.
  • Ducharme, S., Albaugh, M.D., Hudziak, J.J., Botteron, K.N., Nguyen, T.V., Truong, C., et al. “Anxious/Depressed Symptoms are Linked to Right Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortical Thickness Maturation in Healthy Children and Young Adults.” Cereb Cortex 24, (2013), 2941-50.
  • Duckworth, A.L., Grant, H., Loew, B., Oettingen, G., Gollwitzer, P.M. “Self-regulation strategies improve selfdiscipline in adolescents : benefits of mental contrasting and implementation intentions Self-regulation strategies improve self-discipline in adolescents.” Educ Psychol 31, (2011), 17–26.
  • Duckworth, A.L., Quinn, P.D., Tsukayama, E. “What No Child Left Behind Leaves Behind: The Roles of IQ and Self-Control in Predicting Standardized Achievement Test Scores and Report Card Grades.” J Educ Psychol 104, (2012), 439–51.
  • Duckworth, A.L., Seligman, M.E.P. “Self-Discipline Outdoes IQ in Predicting Academic Performance of Adolescents.” Psychol Sci 16, (2005), 939–44.
  • Duckworth, A.L., Tsukayama, E., Kirby, T.A. “Is It Really Self-Control? Examining the Predictive Power of the Delay of Gratification Task.” Personal Soc Psychol Bull 39, (2013), 843–55.
  • Dulit, E. “Adolescent Thinking: à la Piaget: The formal stage.” J Youth Adolesc 1, (1972), 281–301.
  • Erikson, E.H. El ciclo vital completo. Paidós, Barcelona, 1997.
  • Fatima, S., Sheikh, H., Ardila, A. “Association of Parent–Child Relationships and Executive Functioning in South Asian Adolescents.” Neuropsychology 30, (2016), 65-74.
  • Flores-barrera, A.C.E., Cass, D.K., Tseng, K.Y. “Differential regulation of parvalbumin and calretinin interneurons in the prefrontal cortex during adolescence.” Brain Struct Funct 219, (2014), 395-406.
  • Grant, F., Hogg, M.A. “Self-uncertainty , social identity prominence and group identification.” J Exp Soc Psychol 48, (2012), 538–42.
  • Gobierno de Navarra. 2016. Nota de prensa publicada el lunes 25 de abril. Consultado el 4 de mayo de 2016 en el link: http://www.navarra.es/home_es/Actualidad/Sala+de+prensa/Noticias/
  • Hogg, M.A., Sherman, D.K., Dierselhuis, J., Maitner, A.T., Mo, G. “Uncertainty, entitativity , and group identification.” J Exp Soc Psychol 43, (2007). 135–42.
  • Holroyd, C.B., Coles, M.G.H. “The neural basis of human error processing: Reinforcement learning, dopamine, and the error-related negativity.” Psychol Rev 109, (2002), 679–709.
  • Inhelder, B., Piaget, J. The growth of logical thinking from childhood to adolescence. Basic Books, New York, 1958.
  • Kegan, R. In over our heads. The mental demand of modern live. Harvard University Press, London, 1994.
  • Kohlberg, L., Hersh, R.H. “Moral Development: A Review of the Theory.” Theory Pract 16, (1977), 53–9.
  • Kohlberg, L., Ryncarz, R.A. “Beyond Justice Reasoning: Moral Development and Consideration of Seventh Stage.” In: Langer, E., Alexander, C.N., editors. Higher stage of human Development. Oxford University Press, New York, 1990, 191–207.
  • Konrad, K., Firk, C., Uhlhaas, P.J. “Brain development during adolescence: neuroscientific insights into this developmental period.” Dtsch Arztebl Int 110, (2013), 425–31.
  • Koven, N.S., Roth, R.M., Garlinghouse, M.A., Flashman, L.A., Saykin, A.J. “Regional gray matter correlates of perceived emotional intelligence.” SCAN 6, (2011), 582–90.
  • Kroger, J., Martinussen, M., Marcia, J.E. “Identity status change during adolescence and young adulthood : A meta-analysis.” J Adolesc 33, (2010), 683–98.
  • Lee, N.C., Krabbendam, L., Dekker, S., Boschloo, de Groot, R.H.M., Jolles, J. “Academic motivation mediates the influence of temporal discounting on academic achievement during adolescence.” Trends Neurosci Educ 1, (2012), 43–8.
  • López-Moratalla, N. “Neurobiología de la Adolescencia El control del Circuito Afectivo-Cognitivo.” Clínica y Anal Grup 1, (2011), 31–48.
  • Luyckx, K., Klimstra, T.A., Duriez, B., Petegem, S.V. “Personal Identity Processes from Adolescence Through the Late 20s : Age Trends, Functionality, and Depressive Symptoms.” Soc Dev 22, (2013), 701–21.
  • Ma, H.K. “Moral Competence as a Positive Youth Development Construct: A Conceptual Review.” Sci World J 12,(2012), 1-8.
  • Ma, H.K. “The moral development of the child : an integrated model.” Frontiers in Public Health 1, (2013), 1-18.
  • McAdams, D. P. “The art and science of personality development” New York, The Guilford Press, 2015.
  • Marcia, J., Josselson, R. “Eriksonian Personality Research and Its Implications for Psychotherapy.” J Pers 81, (2013), 617–29.
  • Meeus, W., Oosterwegel, A., Vollerbergh, A. “Parental and peer attachment and identity development in adolescence.” J Adolesc 25, (2002), 93–106.
  • Morita, K., Kato, A. “Striatal dopamine ramping may indicate flexible reinforcement learning with forgetting in the cortico-basal ganglia circuits.” Front Neural Circuits 8, (2014), 1-15.
  • Nohlen, H.U., Harreveld, F. Van Rotteveel, M., Lelieveld, G., Crone, E.A. “Evaluating ambivalence : socialcognitive and affective brain regions associated with ambivalent decision-making.” Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 9, (2014), 924-31.
  • Ofen, N., Shing, Y.L. “From perception to memory: changes in memory systems across the lifespan.” Neurosci Biobehav Rev 37, (2013), 2258–67.
  • Orón, J.V. “Neuropsychology of adolescent emotion.” Rev Ciencias la Educ 240, (2014), 438–520.
  • Orón, J.V. “Toward a new conception of habit and selfcontrol in adolescent maturation.” Front Hum Neurosci 8, (2014), 1–2.
  • Ostby, Y., Tamnes, C.K., Fjell, A.M., Westlye, L.T., DueTønnessen, P., Walhovd, K.B. “Heterogeneity in subcortical brain development: A structural magnetic resonance imaging study of brain maturation from 8 to 30 years.” J Neurosci 29, (2009), 11772–82.
  • Owens, M., Herbert, J., Jones, P.B., Sahakian, B.J., Wilkinson, P.O., Dunn, V.J., et al. “Elevated morning cortisol is a stratified population-level biomarker for major depression in boys only with high depressive symptoms.” Proc Natl Acad Sci 111, (2014), 3638–43.
  • Palomo, A.M. “Laurence Kohlberg : Teoría y práctica del desarrollo moral en la escuela.” Rev Interuniv Form Prof 4, (1989), 79–90.
  • Perry, W.G. Forms of ethical and intellectual developent in the college years. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, 1998, p. 285.
  • Pfeifer, J.H., Blakemore, S.J. “Adolescent social cognitive and affective neuroscience: past, present, and future.” Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 7, (2012), 1–10.
  • Pitskel, N.B., Bolling, D.Z., Kaiser, M.D., Crowley, M.J., Pelphrey, K.A. “How grossed out are you? The neural bases of emotion regulation from childhood to adolescence.” Dev Cogn Neurosci 1, (2011), 324–37.
  • Power, R.J., Brabeck, C., Kohlberg, L. (1927-1987). Am Psychol 43, (1988), 399–400.
  • Rangel, A., Camerer, C., Montague, P.R. “A framework for studying the neurobiology of value-based decision making.” Nat Rev Neurosci 9, (2008), 545–56.
  • Romer, D., Duckworth, A.L., Sznitman, S., Park, S. “Can Adolescents Learn Self-control ? Delay of Gratification in the Development of Control over Risk Taking.” Prev Sci 11 (2010), 319–30.
  • Sebastian, C., Burnett, S., Blakemore, S.J. “Development of the self-concept during adolescence.” Trends Cogn Sci 12, (2008), 441–6.
  • Soledad, M., Chávez, R. “Educar en las emociones: un desafío hacia la integración.” Av Psicol 16, (2008), 195–218.
  • Somerville, L.H., Hare, T.A., Casey, B.J. “Frontostriatal maturation predicts cognitive control failure to appetitive cues in adolescents.” J Cogn Neurosci 23, (2011), 2123–34.
  • Somerville, L.H., Jones, R.M., Ruberry, E.J., Dyke, J.P., Glover, G., Casey, B.J. “The medial prefrontal cortex and the emergence of self-conscious emotion in adolescence.” Psychol Sci 24, (2013), 1554–62.
  • Stalnaker, T.A., Cooch, N.K., Schoenbaum, G. “What the orbitofrontal cortex does not do.” Nat Neurosci 18, (2015), 620–7.
  • Steinberg, L. “A dual systems model of adolescent risktaking.” Dev Psychobiol 52, (2010), 216–24.
  • Steinberg, L. “A social neuroscience perspective on adolescent risk-taking.” Dev Rev 28, (2008), 1–27.
  • Steinberg, L. “The influence of neuroscience on US Supreme Court decisions about adolescents’ criminal culpability Laurence.” Nat Rev Neurosci 14, (2013), 513–8.
  • Takeuchi, H., Taki, Y., Sassa, Y., Hashizume, H., Sekiguchi, A., Nagase, T., et al. “White matter structures associated with emotional intelligence: evidence from diffusion tensor imaging.” Hum Brain Mapp 34, (2013), 1025–34.
  • Thelen, E., Smith, L.B. A Dynamic Systems Approach to the Development of Cognition and Action. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1994, p. 376.
  • Vetter, N.C., Weigelt, S., Döhnel, K., Smolka, M.N., Kliegel, M. “Ongoing neural development of affective theory of mind in adolescence.” Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 9, (2014), 1022–9.
  • Whittle, S., Simmons, J.G., Dennison, M., Vijayakumar, N., Schwartz, O., Yap, M.B.H., et al. “Positive parenting predicts the development of adolescent brain structure: a longitudinal study.” Dev Cogn Neurosci 8, (2014), 7–17.
  • Ybrandt, H. “The relation between self-concept and social functioning in adolescence.” J Adolesc 31, (2008), 1–16.
  • Yellman, T.W., Murray, T.M. “Vulnerability and Resilience.” Risk Anal 33, (2013), 753.
  • Zald, D.H., Cowan, R.L., Riccardi, P., Baldwin, R.M., Ansari, M.S., Li, R., et al. “Midbrain dopamine receptor availability is inversely associated with novelty-seeking traits in humans.” J Neurosci 28, (2008), 14372–8.
  • Zhou, D., Lebel, C., Treit, S., Evans, A., Beaulieu, C. “Accelerated longitudinal cortical thinning in adolescence.” Neuroimage 104, (2015), 138–45.