Digital testimony and social media

  1. Martínez García, Ana Belén
  2. Karner, Christian
Libro:
The palgrave handbook of testimony and culture

ISBN: 9783031137938 9783031137945

Ano de publicación: 2023

Páxinas: 279-300

Tipo: Capítulo de libro

DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-13794-5_13 GOOGLE SCHOLAR lock_openAcceso aberto editor

Obxectivos de Desenvolvemento Sustentable

Resumo

In the 1990s Stuart Hall described the "cultural revolution" of the historically silenced "coming into representation" while Nancy Fraser defined "subaltern counterpublics" for oppressed groups to articulate identities and memories. In this chapter, Martínez García and Karner ask whether the digital age provides evidence of such a revolution of self-representations and subaltern testimonies. The authors explore this through a quasi-Socratic dialogue, spelling out and challenging assumptions. Key to their argument is their analysis of digital testimonies by victimturned-survivor human rights activists Malala Yousafzai, Yeonmi Park, Nujeen Mustafa, or Nadia Murad. The discussion illuminates the political, ethical and epistemological implications of social media testimonies, accounting for the contexts of production, circulation, reception and re-appropriation.

Referencias bibliográficas

  • Aheram, J. (2014). Malala: Puppet for US Imperialism. AntiWar.Com, May 17. Retrieved February 13, 2020, from http://www.original.antiwar.com/jayel_aheram/2014/05/16/malala-puppet-for-us-imperialism/
  • Anon. (2009). Diary of a Pakistani Schoolgirl. BBC News, January 19. Retrieved February 13, 2020, from http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7834402.stm
  • @basant_rukhar. (2019). What a Lavish Life You Spending. Twitter, June 14. Retrieved August 23, 2019.
  • @Deioces91. (2019). @NadiaMuradBasee Can You Also Ask Nechirvan Barzani, Why His Troops Fled from Sinjar, Leaving the Yezidi People in the Hands of the Cruel ISIS Barbarians. Dont Forget Nadia That it Was the Brave PKK Who Gave Their Heart and Soul to Protect the YEZIDIS… Twitter, May 29. Retrieved August 23, 2019.
  • @DindarKocer. (2019). Go and Work Closely with Arabs Since You Are a Proud Iraqi. Twitter, May 29. Retrieved August 23, 2019.
  • @Falcon_Iraq. (2019). What about Iraqi Refugees in Turkey They Need Resettlement Most of Them Sick Most Widows Single Women and Orphan Children. Twitter, May 1. Retrieved August 23, 2019.
  • @sibi012. (2019). That’s So Gross. Twitter, April 27. Retrieved August 23, 2019.
  • Back, L. (2007). The Art of Listening. Berg.
  • Bell, D. S. A. (2003). Mythscapes: Memory, Mythology, and National Identity. British Journal of Sociology, 54(1), 63–81.
  • Bombach, A. (2018). On Her Shoulders. RYOT Films.
  • boyd, d. (2010). Social Network Sites as Networked Publics: Affordances, Dynamics, and Implications. In Z. Papacharissi (Ed.), A Networked Self: Identity, Community, and Culture on Social Network Sites (pp. 39–58). Routledge.
  • Cantle, T. (2008). Community Cohesion: A New Framework for Race and Diversity. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Castells, M. (1996). The Rise of the Network Society. Blackwell.
  • Dubois, E., & Blank, G. (2018). The Echo Chamber is Overstated: The Moderating Effect of Political Interest and Diverse Media. Information, Communication & Society, 21(5), 729–745.
  • Ellick, A. B. (2009). A Schoolgirl’s Odyssey. YouTube, The New York Times, October 13. Retrieved August 30, 2015, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a6T5DeZ9Z4c
  • Ellick, A. B., & Ashraf, I. (2009). Class Dismissed: The Death of Female Education. The New York Times, Times Documentaries. Retrieved August 30, 2015, from http://www.nytimes.com/video/world/asia/100000001835296/class-dismissed.html
  • Ferrara, E., et al. (2016). The Rise of Social Bots. Communications of the ACM, 59(7), 96–104. https://doi.org/10.1145/2818717
  • Flaxman, S., Goel, S., & Rao, J. M. (2016). Filter Bubbles, Echo Chambers, and Online News Consumption. Public Opinion Quarterly, 80, 298–320.
  • Flintham, M., et al. (2018). Falling for Fake News: Investigating the Consumption of News via Social Media. In CHI ‘18: Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp. 1–10). https://doi.org/10.1145/3173574.3173950
  • Fogu, C., & Kansteiner, W. (2006). The Politics of Memory and the Poetics of History. In R. N. Lebow, W. Kansteiner, & C. Fogu (Eds.), The Politics of Memory in Postwar Europe (pp. 284–310). Duke University Press.
  • Fraser, N. (1992). Rethinking the Public Sphere: A Contribution to the Critique of Actually Existing Democracy. In C. Calhoun (Ed.), Habermas and the Public Sphere (pp. 109–142). MIT Press.
  • Garimella, K., et al. (2018). Political Discourse on Social Media: Echo Chambers, Gatekeepers, and the Price of Bipartisanship. In WWW '18: Proceedings of the 2018 World Wide Web Conference (pp. 913–922). https://doi.org/10.1145/3178876.3186139
  • Garton Ash, T. (2002). Trials, Purges and History Lessons: Treating a Difficult Past in Post-communist Europe. In J.-W. Müller (Ed.), Memory & Power in Post-war Europe: Studies in the Presence of the Past (pp. 265–282). CUP.
  • Gerbaudo, P. (2012). Tweets and the Streets: Social Media and Contemporary Activism. Pluto Press.
  • Gerbaudo, P. (2017). The Mask and the Flag: Populism, Citizenism and Global Protest. Hurst.
  • Gilmore, L. (2017). Tainted Witness: Why We Doubt What Women Say About Their Lives. Columbia University Press.
  • Guggenheim, D. (2015). He Named Me Malala. Image Nation Abu Dhabi.
  • Hall, S. (1997). The Local and the Global: Globalization and Ethnicity. In A. McClintock, A. Mufti, & E. Shohat (Eds.), Dangerous Liaisons: Gender, Nation, and Postcolonial Perspectives (pp. 173–187). University of Minnesota Press.
  • Hanks, T., Goetzman, G., & Herzog, M. (2017). Episode 3: Can We All Get Along? The Nineties. https://www.cnn.com/shows/the-nineties
  • Haraway, D. (1988). Situated Knowledges: The Science Question in Feminism and the Privilege of Partial Perspective. Feminist Studies, 14(3), 575–599.
  • Hines, N. (2014). Is Malala a Puppet of the West? The Daily Beast, December 4. Retrieved October 20, 2015, from http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/04/12/has-malala-become-a-puppet-of-the-west.html
  • Human Rights Watch (HRW). (2019). Nujeen Mustafa: First Woman With a Disability to Brief the UN Security Council. YouTube, April 23. Retrieved July 31, 2019, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GMFYhVAUBcg
  • Jamieson, K. H., & Capella, J. N. (2008). Echo Chamber: Rush Limbaugh and the Conservative Media Establishment. OUP.
  • Jolley, M. A. (2014). The Strange Tale of Yeonmi Park. The Diplomat, December 10. Retrieved March 29, 2015, from https://thediplomat.com/2014/12/the-strange-tale-of-yeonmi-park/
  • Judt, T., & Snyder, T. (2015). Nachdenken über das 20. Jahrhundert. Fischer.
  • Karner, C. (2020). Nationalism Revisited: Austrian Social Closure from Romanticism to the Digital Age. Berghahn.
  • Karner, C., & Mertens, B. (2013). Introduction: Memories and Analogies of World War II. In C. Karner & B. Mertens (Eds.), The Use and Abuse of Memory: Interpreting World War II in Contemporary European Politics (pp. 1–22). Transaction.
  • Kelly, R. (2008). Testimony, Witnessing and Digital Activism. Southern Review: Communication, Politics & Culture, 40(3), 7–22.
  • Kim, E. T. (2016). Escape from the DPRK: How Yeonmi Park, a North Korean Defector, Became a Controversial Globe-trotting Celebrity on the Stage of International Human Rights. The Nation, February 11. Retrieved August 23, 2019, from https://www.thenation.com/article/escape-from-the-dprk/
  • Kim, S. (2015). N. Korean Video Takes on Yeonmi Park Claims. NK News, January 31. Retrieved August 23, 2019, from https://www.nknews.org/2015/01/n-korean-video-takes-on-yeonmi-park-claims/
  • Krainin, T. (2015). ‘I Know the Truth of North Korea’–Yeonmi Park. Reason, November 21. Retrieved August 23, 2019, from https://reason.com/2015/11/21/north-korea-yeonmi-park-defector/
  • Malala Fund. (2020a). About. Retrieved July 30, 2019, from https://www.malala.org/about
  • Malala Fund. (2020b). Facebook. Retrieved March 12, 2020, from https://es-la.facebook.com/MalalaFund/
  • Malala Fund. (2020c). Twitter. Retrieved March 12, 2020, from https://twitter.com/MalalaFund
  • Malala Fund. (2020d). Instagram. Retrieved March 12, 2020, from https://www.instagram.com/malalafund/
  • Martínez García, A.B. (2017). Unearthing the Past: Bringing Ideological Indoctrination to Light in North Korean Girls’ Memoirs. a/b: Auto/Biography Studies, 32(3), 587–602.
  • Martínez García, A.B. (2018). TED Talks as Life Writing: Online and Offline Activism. Life Writing, 15(4), 487–503.
  • Martínez García, A.B. (2019). Construction and Collaboration in Life Writing Projects: Malala Yousafzai’s Activist ‘I’. Journal of Writing in Creative Practice, 12(1–2), 201–217.
  • Martínez García, A.B. (2020). New Forms of Self-narration: Young Women, Life Writing and Human Rights. Palgrave.
  • Martínez García, A.B. (2021). Refugees’ Mediated Narratives in the Public Sphere. Narrative, 29(2), 210–223. https://doi.org/10.1353/nar.2021.0012
  • Murad, N. (2015). Nadia Murad Basee Taha (ISIL Victim) on Trafficking of Persons in Situations of Conflict–Security Council, 7585th meeting. UN Web TV. Retrieved March 2, 2020, from http://webtv.un.org/meetings-events/watch/nadia-murad-basee-taha-isil-victim-on-trafficking-of-persons-in-situations-of-conflict-security-council-7585th-meeting/4665835954001
  • Murad, N. (2020a). Facebook. Retrieved March 2, 2020, from https://www.facebook.com/NadiaMuradBasee/
  • Murad, N. (2020b). Twitter. Retrieved March 2, 2020, from https://twitter.com/nadiamuradbasee
  • Murad, N. (2020c). Instagram. Retrieved December 14, 2020, from https://www.instagram.com/nadia_murad/
  • Murad, N., & Krajeski, J. (2017). The Last Girl: My Story of Captivity and my Fight Against the Islamic State. Virago.
  • Mustafa, N. (2017). I Am Not a Number: A Refugee’s Tale. TEDxExeter, TEDxTalks. YouTube, May 12. Retrieved January 23, 2020, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R3r4gnSouqQ
  • Mustafa, N. (2018). My Journey from Syria to Germany in a Wheelchair. TEDxNishtiman, TEDxTalks. YouTube, August 28. Retrieved January 23, 2020, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y_Go10BibQ4
  • Mustafa, N. (2019a). Twitter. Retrieved January 23, 2020, from https://twitter.com/nujeenmustafa
  • Mustafa, N. (2019b). Instagram. Retrieved January 23, 2020, from https://www.instagram.com/nujeenmustafa/
  • Mustafa, N., & Lamb, C. (2016). Nujeen: One Girl’s Incredible Journey from War-torn Syria in a Wheelchair. William Collins.
  • Nadia’s Initiative. (2019). Retrieved July 31, 2019, from https://nadiasinitiative.org/
  • Nadia’s Initiative. (2020a). Facebook. Retrieved December 14, 2020, from https://www.facebook.com/nadiasinitiative/
  • Nadia’s Initiative. (2020b). Instagram. Retrieved December 14, 2020, from https://www.instagram.com/nadiasinitiative/
  • Nadia’s Initiative. (2020c). Twitter. Retrieved December 14, 2020, from https://twitter.com/nadiainitiative
  • National Geographic. (2018). Nujeen. YouTube, December 3. Retrieved July 31, 2019, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7rK6qzwwOi0
  • Papacharissi, Z. (2012). Without You, I’m Nothing: Performances of the Self on Twitter. International Journal of Communication, 6, 1989–2006.
  • Papacharissi, Z. (2016). Affective Publics and Structures of Storytelling: Sentiment, Events and Mediality. Information, Communication & Society, 19(3), 307–324.
  • Pariser, E. (2011). The Filter Bubble: What the Internet Is Hiding from You. Viking.
  • Park, Y. (2014a). I Am a North Korean Millennial. Liberty in North Korea. YouTube, July 11. Retrieved February 5, 2020, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uDXkdjx7VAE&t=2s
  • Park, Y. (2014b). Escaping from North Korea in Search of Freedom. One Young World. YouTube, October 18. Retrieved February 5, 2020, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ufhKWfPSQOw&t=53s
  • Park, Y. (2014c). North Korea’s Black Market Generation. Oslo Freedom Forum. YouTube, October 29. Retrieved February 5, 2020, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UyWsJ6NFMpE&t=4s
  • Park, Y. (2014d). North Korean Defector. TEDxYouth@Bath. YouTube, November 6. Retrieved February 5, 2020, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sg3kC4uKDJU&t=4s
  • Park, Y. (2020a). Twitter. Retrieved March 12, 2020, from https://twitter.com/yeonmiparknk
  • Park, Y. (2020b). Facebook. Retrieved March 12, 2020, from https://www.facebook.com/OfficialYeonmiPark/
  • Park, Y. (2020c). Instagram. Retrieved March 12, 2020, from https://www.instagram.com/yeonmi_park/
  • Park, Y., & Vollers, M. (2015). In Order to Live: A North Korean Girl’s Journey to Freedom. Penguin.
  • Putnam, R. D. (2000). Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. Simon and Schuster.
  • Rajan, A. (2019). Do Digital Echo Chambers Exist? BBC News, March 4. Retrieved July 25, 2019, from https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-47447633
  • Richter, F. (2019). Facebook Keeps on Growing. Statista, July 5. Retrieved July 31, 2019, from https://www.statista.com/chart/10047/facebooks-monthly-active-users/
  • Robson, D. (2018). The Myth of the Online Echo Chamber. BBC Future, April 17. Retrieved July 25, 2019, from https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20180416-the-myth-of-the-online-echo-chamber
  • Schaffer, K., & Smith, S. (Eds.). (2004). Human Rights and Narrated Lives: The Ethics of Recognition. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Schaffer, K., & Smith, S. (2014). E-witnessing in the Digital Age. In M. Jensen & M. Jolly (Eds.), We Shall Bear Witness: Life Narratives and Human Rights (pp. 223–237). University of Wisconsin Press.
  • Shirky, C. (2008). Here Comes Everybody: The Power of Organizing without Organizations. Penguin.
  • Shirky, C. (2010). Cognitive surplus: Creativity and Generosity in a Connected Age. Penguin.
  • Smith, S., & Watson, J. (2010). Reading Autobiography: A Guide for Interpreting Life Narratives. Minnesota University Press.
  • Spivak, G. C. (1988). Can the Subaltern Speak? In C. Nelson & L. Grossberg (Eds.), Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture (pp. 271–314). University of Illinois Press.
  • Statista. (2019). Number of Monthly Active Twitter Users Worldwide from 1st Quarter 2010 to 1st Quarter 2019 (in Millions). Retrieved July 31, 2019, from https://www.statista.com/statistics/282087/number-of-monthly-active-twitter-users/
  • United Nations. (2013). Malala Yousafzai Addresses United Nations Youth Assembly. YouTube, July 13. Retrieved March 12, 2020, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3rNhZu3ttIU
  • United Nations. (2017). Nadia Murad Basee Taha (UNODC Goodwill Ambassador) on Bringing Da’esh to Justice. YouTube, March 9. Retrieved July 31, 2019, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tLdbv6w1LoU
  • United Nations. (2018). Nadia Murad (Nobel Peace Prize Laureate) on Sexual Violence in Conflict–Security Council, 8514th meeting. YouTube, March 9. Retrieved July 31, 2019, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FVSw0qUy7uc
  • Whitlock, G. (2007). Soft Weapons: Autobiography in Transit. Chicago University Press.
  • Whitlock, G. (2015). Postcolonial Life Narratives: Testimonial Transactions. OUP.
  • Yazda. (2016). Nadia Murad’s Speech on her Appointment as UN Goodwill Ambassador. YouTube, September 16. Retrieved July 31, 2019, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1SKDgnUTZLA
  • Yousafzai, M. (2014). Malala Yousafzai–Nobel Lecture. Nobel Prize, December 14. Retrieved December 14, 2020, from https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2014/yousafzai/lecture/
  • Yousafzai, M. (2020a). Twitter. Retrieved March 12, 2020, from https://twitter.com/malala
  • Yousafzai, M. (2020b). Instagram. Retrieved March 12, 2020, from https://www.instagram.com/malala/
  • Yousafzai, M., & Lamb, C. (2013). I am Malala: The Girl who Stood up for Education and Was Shot by the Taliban. Weidenfeld & Nicolson.