Envejecimiento demográfico y accesibilidad a las zonas verdesun análisis intraurbano de las ciudades españolas

  1. Montoro Gurich, Carolina
  2. Pons Izquierdo, Juan José
Journal:
ACE: architecture, city and environment

ISSN: 1886-4805

Year of publication: 2023

Issue: 53

Type: Article

DOI: 10.5821/ACE.18.53.12073 DIALNET GOOGLE SCHOLAR lock_openUPCommons editor

More publications in: ACE: architecture, city and environment

Abstract

The movement of age-friendly cities, which emerged from the paradigm of active and healthy aging promoted by the World Health Organization, identifies the aspects that facilitate the quality of life of the elderly. The characteristics of the space in which they reside relate closely to their physical and psychological well-being. In the urban environment, parks and gardens occupy a prominent place because they favor physical and social activity. This work investigates the essential characteristic of access distance to urban green spaces (UGS) from the most demographically aged areas of Spanish cities. In contrast to the existing case studies, it takes a global approach by analyzing the 86 urban areas in the Statistical Atlas of Urban Areas. The census sections with a high proportion of people aged 65 or over according to the Continuous Register Statistics (“Padrón”) are related to the proximity to the UGS obtained from the Land Occupation Information System of Spain. The method used is that of Euclidean distances from the edge of the census tract, applying it to 100, 200 and 300 meters. The results show that the environments with the highest presence of aged population in Spanish urban areas have greater accessibility to the UGS than the set of census tracts, at any of the distances analyzed. Despite this, more than 30 % of the sections demographically aged are more than 300 m from the UGS, having detected areas under-equipped with green spaces.

Bibliographic References

  • Alley, D., Liebig, P., Pynoos, J., Banerjee, T. y Choi I. H. (2007). “Creating Elder-Friendly Communities: Preparation for an aging society.” Journal of Gerontological Social Work 49(1-2): 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1300/J083v49n01_01
  • An, S., Lee, Y. y Kim, J. T. (2013). The effect of the public exercise environment on the physical activity for the active ageing of the elderly. Indoor and Built Environment 22(1): 319-331. https://doi.org/10.1177/1420326X12471246
  • Annear, M., Keeling, S., Wilkinson, T., Cushman, G., Gidlow, B. y Hopkins, H. (2014). Environmental influences on healthy and active ageing: A systematic review. Ageing and Society 34(4): 590-622. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X1200116X
  • Astell-Burt, T., Harting, T., Eckermann, S., Nieuwenhuijsen, M., McMunn, A., Frumkin, H. y Feng, X. (2022). More green, less lonely? A longitudinal cohort study. International Journal of Epidemiology 51(1): 99- 110. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyab089
  • Biernacka, M. y Kronenberg, J. (2018). Classification of institutional barriers affecting the availability, accessibility and attractiveness of urban green spaces. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 36: 22-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2018.09.007
  • Bolea Tolón, N., Postigo Vidal, R. y López Escolano, C. (2022). Valoración de la proximidad a las Zonas Verdes Urbanas de la ciudad de Zaragoza como estrategia de adaptación a situaciones pandémicas. Ciudades 25: 79–106. https://doi.org/10.24197/ciudades.25.2022.79-106
  • Bosch-Meda, J. (2021). Is the Role of Urban Planning in Promoting Active Ageing Fully Understood? A Comparative Review of International Initiatives to Develop Age-Friendly Urban Environments. ACE: Architecture, City and Environment, 16(47): 10337. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/ace.16.47.10337
  • Brown, S. C., Lombard, J., Wang, K., Byrne, M. M., Toro M, Plater-Zyberk, E., Feaster, D.J., Kardys, J., Nardi, M. I., Perez-Gomez, G., Pantin, H. M., Szapocznik, J. (2016). Neighborhood Greenness and Chronic Health Conditions in Medicare Beneficiaries. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 51(1):78-89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2016.02.008
  • Cinderby, S., Cambridge, H., Attuyer, K., Bevan, M., Croucher, K., Gilroy, R. y Swallow, D. (2018). Co- designing urban living solutions to improve older People’s mobility and well-being. Journal of Urban Health 95(3): 409-22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-018-0232-z
  • de Keijzer, C., Tonne, C., Basagaña, X., Valentín, A., Singh-Manoux, A., Alonso, J., Antó, J. M., Nieuwenhuijsen, M. J., Sunyer, J. y Dadvand, P. (2018). Residential Surrounding Greenness and Cognitive Decline: A 10-Year Follow-up of the Whitehall II Cohort. Environmental Health Perspectives 126(7). https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP2875
  • Dennis, M., Cook, P. A., James, P., Wheater, C. P. y Lindley, S. J. (2020). Relationships between health outcomes in older populations and urban green infrastructure size, quality and proximity. BMC Public Health 20(1): 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-08762-x
  • Egorov, A. I., Mudu, P., Braubach, M. y Martuzzi, M. (Eds.) (2016). Urban green spaces and health. Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe. Recuperado de: https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/345751
  • Ekkel, E. D. y De Vries, S. (2017). Nearby green space and human health: evaluating accessibility metrics. Landscape and Urban Planning 157: 214-220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2016.06.008
  • EUROSTAT. 2021a. Demography of Europe – statistics visualised. Recuperado de: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/cache/digpub/demography_2021/
  • EUROSTAT. 2021b. Population projections: urban growth, rural decline. Recuperado de: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-eurostat-news/-/ddn-20210520:Between-respectively
  • Fernández-Mayoralas, G., Rojo-Pérez, F. y Rodríguez Rodríguez, V. (2018). El entorno residencial en la vejez desde el enfoque de los adultos mayores en España. Tiempo de paz 130: 32-42. Recuperado de: http://hdl.handle.net/10261/195759
  • Fontán-Vela, M., Rivera-Navarro, J., Gullón, P., Díez, J., Anguelovski, I. y Franco, M. (2021). Active use and perceptions of parks as urban assets for physical activity: A mixed-methods study. Health & Place 71: 102660. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2021.102660
  • García Ballesteros, A. y Jiménez Blasco, B. C. (2016). Envejecimiento y urbanización: implicaciones de dos procesos coincidentes. Investigaciones geográficas 89: 58-73. Recuperado de: http://www.scielo.org.mx/pdf/igeo/n89/0188-4611-igeo-89-00058.pdf
  • Garrett, J. K., White, M. P., Huang, J., Ng, S., Hui, Z., Leung, C., Tse, L. A., Fung, F., Elliott, L. R., Depledge, M. H. y Wong, M. C. S. (2019). Urban blue space and health and wellbeing in Hong Kong: results from a survey of older adults. Health & Place 55: 100-110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2018.11.003
  • Gómez Gonçalves, A., Sánchez Hernández, J. L. y Ceballos Barbancho, A. (2018). El impacto de las políticas de austeridad en los espacios verdes urbanos según la percepción de los usuarios. Estudio de caso en tres ciudades españolas. Boletín de la Asociación de Geógrafos Españoles 77: 398–427. http://dx.doi.org/10.21138/bage.2546
  • Goméz, A., Costa, C. y Santana, P. (2014). Acessibilidade e utilização dos espaços verdes urbanos nas cidades de Coimbra (Portugal) e Salamanca (Espanha). Finisterra 49(97): 49-68. https://doi.org/10.18055/Finis4207
  • Gómez Gonçalves, A. (2013). Localización y acceso al verde urbano de la ciudad de Salamanca. Boletín de la Asociación de Geógrafos Españoles 63: 125–145. https://doi.org/10.21138/bage.1609
  • Gonyea, J. G. y Hudson, R. B. (2015). Emerging Models of Age-Friendly Communities: A Framework for Understanding Inclusion. Public Policy & Aging Report 25(I): 9-14. https://doi.org/10.1093/ppar/pru056
  • ILC-BR International Longevity Centre Brazil. (2015). Envejecimiento Activo. Un marco político ante la revolución de la longevidad, Río de Janeiro, International Longevity Centre Brazil. Recuperado de: https://www.easp.es/project/envejecimiento-activo-un-marco-politico-ante-la-revolucion-de-la- longevidad/
  • International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). (2018). IUCN launches global alliance for greener cities. Recuperado de: https://www.iucn.org/news/secretariat/201809/iucn-launches-global-alliance- greener-cities
  • Instituto Geográfico Nacional (IGN). (2018). Sistema de Información de Ocupación del Suelo de España 2014. Recuperado de: https://www.siose.es/web/guest/inicio
  • Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE). (2022). Estadística del Padrón continuo a fecha 1 de enero de 2021. Recuperado de: https://www.ine.es/dyngs/INEbase/es/operacion.htm=1254734710990
  • John, E. E., Astell-Burt, T., Yu, P., Brennan-Horley, C. y Feng, X. (2023). Green space type and healthy ageing in place: An Australian longitudinal study. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 84: 127903. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2023.127903
  • Kabisch, N. (2019). The influence of socio-economic and socio-demographic factors in the association between urban green space and health. En M. R. Marselle, J. Stadler, H. Korn, K. Irvine y A. Bonn (Eds.), Biodiversity and Health in the Face of Climate Change (pp. 91-119). Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02318-8_5
  • Kabisch, N., Strohbach, M., Haase, D. y Kronenberg, J. (2016). Urban green space availability in European cities. Ecological Indicators 70: 586-596. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.02.029
  • Kemperman, A. y Timmermans, H. (2014). Green spaces in the direct living environment and social contacts of the aging population. Landscape and Urban Planning 129: 44-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2014.05.003
  • Lebrusán, I. (2019). La vivienda en la vejez. Problemas y estrategias para envejecer en sociedad. Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas.
  • Lorenzo-Sáez, E., Lerma-Arce, V., Coll-Aliaga, E. y Oliver-Villanueva, J. V. (2021). Contribution of green urban areas to the achievement of SDGs. Case study in Valencia (Spain). Ecological Indicators 131: 108246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2021.108246
  • Markevych, I., Schoierer, J., Hartig, T., Chudnovsky, A., Hystad, P., Dzhambov, A. M., de Vries, S., Triguero- Mas, M., Brauer, M., Nieuwenhuijsen, M. J., Lupp, G., Richardson, E. A., Astell-Burt, T., Dimitrova, D., Feng, X., Sadeh, M., Standl, M., Heinrich, J. y Fuertes, E. (2017). Exploring pathways linking greenspace to health: Theoretical and methodological guidance. Environmental Research 158: 301-317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2017.06.028
  • Mears, M., Brindley, P., Jorgensen, A. y Maheswaran, R. (2020). Population-level linkages between urban greenspace and health inequality: the case for using multiple indicators of neighbourhood greenspace. Health and Place 62: 102284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2020.102284
  • Menec, V. H., Means, R., Keating, N., Parkhurst, G. y Eales, J. (2011). Conceptualizing Age-Friendly Communities. Canadian Journal on Aging / La Revue Canadienne du Vieillissement 30(3): 479-493. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0714980811000237
  • Michael, Y. L., Green, M. K. y Farquhar, S. A. (2006). Neighborhood design and active aging. Health & Place 12(4): 734–740. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2005.08.002
  • Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Medio Rural y Marino, y Ministerio de Fomento. (2009). Sistema de Indicadores y condicionantes para ciudades grandes y medianas. Recuperado de: https://www.mitma.gob.es/recursos_mfom/pdf/3093A86A-128B-4F4D-8800-tcm7177731.pdf
  • Ministerio de Transportes, Movilidad y Agenda Urbana (MTMAU). (2021). Áreas urbanas en España 2021. Recuperado de: https://apps.fomento.gob.es/CVP/handlers/pdfhandler.ashx?idpub=BAW087
  • Miralles-Guasch, C., Dopico, J., Delclòs-Alió, X., Knobel, P., Marquet, O., Maneja-Zaragoza, R., Schipperijn, J. y Vich, G. (2019). Natural Landscape, Infrastructure, and Health: The Physical Activity Implications of Urban Green Space Composition among the Elderly. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16: 3986. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16203986
  • Montoro Gurich, C. y Pons Izquierdo, J.J. (2021). El envejecimiento demográfico de las áreas urbanas españolas (2002–2017). Boletín de la Asociación de Geógrafos Españoles 90. https://doi.org/10.21138/bage.3057
  • Montoro Gurich, C. y Moreno Tapia, C. (2021). El impacto de las infraestructuras de movilidad vertical en la calidad de vida de las personas mayores: Pamplona como estudio de caso. Ciudad y territorio: Estudios territoriales 209: 701-720. https://doi.org/10.37230/CyTET.2021.209.06XXX
  • OMS Organización Mundial de la Salud. (2002). Envejecimiento activo. Un marco político. Revista Española de Geriatría y Gerontología 37: 74-105. Recuperado de: https://www.elsevier.es/es-revista- revista-espanola-geriatria-gerontologia-124-pdf-13035694
  • OMS Organización Mundial de la Salud. (2015). Medición del grado de adaptación de las ciudades a las personas mayores: guía para el uso de los indicadores básicos. Kobe, Japón: OMS. Recuperado de: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/203832/1/9789243509693_spa.pdf?ua=1
  • OMS Organización Mundial de la Salud. (2018). La Red Mundial de Ciudades y Comunidades Adaptadas a las Personas Mayores. Revisar el último decenio y mirar con optimismo hacia el siguiente, OMS. Recuperado de: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/278981/WHO-FWC-ALC-18.4
  • Pérez Díaz, J. y Abellán García, A. (2018). Envejecimiento demográfico y vejez en España. Panorama social 28: 11-47. Recuperado de: https://www.funcas.es/publicaciones_new/Sumario.aspx?IdRef=4- 15028
  • Pitarch Garrido, M. D., Fajardo-Magraner, F. y Zornoza-Gallego, C. (2017). La naturaleza en la ciudad: la accesibilidad a los espacios verdes urbanos como medida de la calidad de vida. Naturaleza, territorio y ciudad en un mundo global. Actas del XXV Congreso de la Asociación de Geógrafos Españoles, 539- 548. https://doi.org/10.15366/ntc.2017
  • Pons Izquierdo, J.J. y Montoro Gurich, C. (2020). El envejecimiento de los barrios urbanos en España: una propuesta de medición. En J.D. Sempere Souvannavong, C. Cortés Samper, E. Cutillas Orgilés y J.R. Valero Escandell (Eds.), Población y territorio: España tras la crisis de 2008, (pp. 175-190). Granada: Editorial Comares.
  • Pozo Menéndez, E., Gómez García, M. V. e Higueras García, E. (2021). Las zonas verdes y la población mayor en Madrid: bienestar, salud mental e inclusión. En A. Hernández Aja, A. Viedma Guiard, A. Díez Bermejo et al (Eds.), Resiliencia: espacios de adaptación de nuestras ciudades a los nuevos retos urbanos (pp. 19-36). Madrid: Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. Recuperado de: https://oa.upm.es/69010/
  • Pun, V. C., Manjourides, J. y Suh, H. H. (2018). Association of neighborhood greenness with self- perceived stress, depression and anxiety symptoms in older U.S adults. Environmental Health 17: 39. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-018-0381-2
  • Roberts, H., van Lissa, C. y Helbich, M. (2020). Perceived neighbourhood characteristics and depressive symptoms: potential mediators and the moderating role of employment status. Social Science & Medicine 268: 113533. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113533
  • Rojas-Rueda, D., Nieuwenhuijsen, M.J., Gascon, M., Perez-Leon, D. y Mudu, P. (2019). Green spaces and mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. Lancet Planet Health 3(11): e469- e477. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2542-5196(19)30215-3
  • Rojo-Pérez, F., Fernández-Mayoralas, G., Forjaz, M. J., Prieto-Flores, M. E. y Martínez-Martín, P. (2016).
  • Residential Environment and Health Conditions among Older-Adults in Community-Dwelling in Spain: What Influences Quality of Life? En D. Sánchez-González y V. Rodríguez-Rodríguez (Eds.), Environmental Gerontology in Europe and Latin America (pp. 149-174). Cham: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-21419-1_8
  • Rowles, G. D. y Bernard, M. Eds. (2013). Environmental gerontology: Making meaningful places in old age. Springer Publishing Company.
  • Ruijsbroek, A., Droomers, M., Kruize, H., van Kempen, E., Gidlow, C. J., Hurst, G., Andrusaityte, S., Nieuwenhuijsen, M. J., Maas, J., Hardyns, W., Stronks, K. y Groenewegen, P. P. (2017). Does the Health Impact of Exposure to Neighbourhood Green Space Differ between Population Groups? An Explorative Study in Four European Cities. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14: 618. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14060618
  • Salvo, G., Lashewicz, B. M., Doyle-Baker, P. K. y Mccormack, G. R. (2018). Neighbourhood built environment influences on physical activity among adults: A systematized review of qualitative evidence. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15(5): 897-918. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15050897
  • Shahtahmassebi, A. R., Li, C., Fan, Y., Wu, Y., Gan, M., Wang, K., Malik, A. y Blackburn, G. A. (2021). Remote sensing of urban green spaces: A review. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 57: 126946. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2020.126946
  • Simón Rojo, M., Pozo Menéndez, E. e Higueras, E. (2020). El acceso a los parques, ¿también al alcance de las personas mayores? The Conversation, 17 agosto. Recuperado de: https://theconversation.com/el-acceso-a-los-parques-tambien-al-alcance-de-las-personas- mayores-144223
  • Soloveva, M., Poudel, G., Barnett, A., Shaw, J., Martino, E., Knibbs, L., Anstey, K. y Cerin, E. (2023). Characteristics of urban neighbourhood environments and cognitive age in mid-age and older adults. Health & Place 83: 103077. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2023.103077
  • Sugiyama, T., Thompson, C. W., y Alves, S. (2009). Associations between Neighborhood Open Space Attributes and Quality of Life for Older People in Britain. Environment and Behavior 41(1): 3-21. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916507311688
  • Sui, Y., Ettema, D. y Helbich, M. (2022). Longitudinal associations between the neighborhood social, natural, and built environment and mental health: A systematic review with meta-analyses. Health & Place 77: 102893. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2022.102893
  • Takano, T., Nakamura, K. y Watanabe, M. (2002). Urban residential environments and senior citizens’ longevity in megacity areas: The importance of walkable green spaces. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 56(12): 913-918. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.56.12.913
  • Tan, Z., Lau, K. K., Roberts, A. C., Tzu-Yuan Chao, S. y Ng, E. (2019). Designing urban green spaces for older adults in Asian cities. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16(22): 4423. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16224423
  • Unión Europea, Programa Copernicus. (2020). Urban Atlas: Street Tree Layer (STL) 2018. Recuperado de: https://land.copernicus.eu/local/urban-atlas/street-tree-layer-stl-2018
  • van den Berg, M., van Poppel, M., van Kamp, I., Andrusaityte, S., Balseviciene, B., Cirach, M., Danileviciute, A., Ellis, N., Hurst, G., Masterson, D. et al. (2016). Visiting green space is associated with mental health and vitality: A cross-sectional study in four european cities. Health & Place 38: 8-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2016.01.003
  • Valente Tomasini, S. L., Carlos, S. A., Fedrizzi, B. y Doll, J. (2016). Planning the Built Environment, Institutions and Aging in Latin America. En D. Sánchez-González y V. Rodríguez-Rodríguez (Eds.), Environmental Gerontology in Europe and Latin America (pp. 259-275). Cham: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-21419-1_14
  • Wen, C., Albert, C. y Von Haaren, C. (2018). The elderly in green spaces: Exploring requirements and preferences concerning nature-based recreation. Sustainable Cities and Society 38(1): 582-593. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2018.01.023
  • WHO World Health Organization. (2007a). Global age-friendly cities: a guide. Geneva: World Health Organization. Recuperado de: https://tinyurl.com/y482zruf
  • WHO World Health Organization. (2007b). Checklist of Essential Features of Age-friendly Cities. Geneva: World Health Organization. Recuperado de: https://extranet.who.int/agefriendlyworld/wp- content/uploads/2018/04/Age-Friendly-Checklist-WHOedit.pdf
  • Wolch, J. R., Byrne, J. y Newell, J. P. (2014). Urban green space, public health, and environmental justice: the challenge of making cities ‘just green enough’. Landscape Urban Planning 125: 234-244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2014.01.017
  • Xie, B., An, Z., Zheng, Y. y Li, Z. (2018). Healthy aging with parks: association between park accessibility and the health status of older adults in urban China. Sustainable Cities and Society 43: 476-486. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2018.09.010
  • Yung, E. H. K., Conejos, S. y Chan, E. H. W. (2016). Social needs of the elderly and active aging in public open spaces in urban renewal. Cities 52: 114–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2015.11.022
  • Zhang, Y., Van den Berg, A., Van Dijk, T. y Weitkamp, G. (2017). Quality over quantity: contribution of urban green space to neighborhood satisfaction. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14(5): 535. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14050535
  • Zunzunegui, M. V. (2016). Urban Environment, Health and Ageing in Latin America. En D. Sánchez- González y V. Rodríguez-Rodríguez (Eds.), Environmental Gerontology in Europe and Latin America (pp. 129-147). Cham: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-21419-1_7
Data source: Dialnet