Nuevos modelos de negocio, creación de valor y el cambiante rol de la prensa en los sistemas democráticos

  1. Alfonso Vara Miguel
  2. Carolina Díaz-Espina
Journal:
Trípodos

ISSN: 1138-3305 2340-5007

Year of publication: 2015

Issue Title: From Spectators to Users: Exploring the Ongoing Transformation of Media Audiences

Issue: 36

Pages: 151-166

Type: Article

More publications in: Trípodos

Abstract

This paper aims to analyze the relationship between a profitable press and a healthy democracy. The lack of a profitable business model for digital editions raises serious questions about how the media perform three key functions for the normality of democratic systems: selection of information, monitoring of political and economic powers, and generation of discourse that encourages the public debate. The loss of exclusivity in the dissemination of information, questioning the authority of journalists as independent actors, and the defragmentation of messages inherent to internet has undermined the creation of value of traditional media, which has resulted in a loss in the ability to generate income from their main activity. Research on business models in the media industry has barely responded to this problem in part by the limited conceptual, theoretical and methodological uniformity, and in part by an excessive focus on one element of the models business, the incomes.

Bibliographic References

  • Afuah, A.; Tucci, C. (2001). Internet Busi-ness Models. Nueva York: McGraw-Hill.
  • Althaus, D.; Tewksbury, D. (2002). “Agenda Setting and the “New” News Patterns of Issue Importance among Readers of the Paper and Online Versions of the New York Times”. Communication Research, 29(2), p. 180-207.
  • Althaus, S.L. (2002). “The Race Card: Campaign Strategy, Implicit Messages, and the Norm of Equality”. Harvard International Journal of Press-Politics, 7(1), p. 131-131.
  • Amitt, R.; Zott, C. (2001). “Value Creation in E-Business”. Strategic Management Journal, 22 (6/7), p. 493-520.
  • Armañanzas, E. (1993). “La acción de los gatekeepers ante los referentes”. Comunicación y Sociedad, VI(1 y 2), p. 87-96.
  • Bakker, P. (2002). “Free Daily Newspaper-Business Models and Strategies”. The International Journal of Media Management, 4(3), p. 180-187.
  • Beller, P. (2012). “Building the Great Newspaper Paywall, ITZ Publishing”. Disponible en: <http://blog.ebyline.com/2012/07/building-the-great-newspaper-paywall/>. Consultado el 6 de mayo de 2014.
  • Bellman, R. [et al.] (1957). “On the Construction of a Multi-Stage, Multi-Person Business Game”. Operations Research, 5(4), p. 469-503.
  • Campos Freire, F. (2010). “Las empresas de medios de comunicación revisan y amplían sus modelos de negocio”. Razón y Palabra (74).
  • Casadesus-Masanell, R.; Ricart, J.E. (2010). “From Strategy to Business Models and to Tactics”. Long Range Planning, 43(2), p. 195-215.
  • Casero-Ripollés, A. (2010). “Prensa en internet: nuevos modelos de negocio en un escenario de convergencia”. El Profesional de la Información, 19(6), p. 595-601.
  • Cea, M. (2013). “Economía de los cibermedios: modelos de ingresos y fuentes de financiación”. El Profesional de la Información, julio-agosto, 22(4), p. 353-361.
  • Chaffee, S.H.; Schleuder, J. (1986). “Measurement and Effects of Attention to Media News”. Human Communication Research, 13(1), p. 76-107.
  • Chesbrough, H. (2007). “Business Model Innovation: It’s not about Technology Anymore”. Strategy & Leadership, 35(6), p. 12-17.
  • Chesbrough, H.; Rosenbloom, R.S. (2002). “The Role of the Business Model in Capturing Value from Innovation: Evidence from Xerox Corporation’s Technology Spin‐off Companies”. Industrial and Corporate Change, 11(3), p. 529-555.
  • Chyi, H.I. (2005). “Willingness to Pay for Online News: An Empirical Study on the Viability of the Subscription Model”. Journal of Media Economics, 18(2), p.131.
  • Chyi, H.I. (2011). “Online Readers Geographically More Dispersed Than Print Readers. Newspaper Research Journal, 32(3), 97-111.
  • Chyi, H.I.; Lewis, S.C.; Zheng, N. (2012). “A Matter of Life and Death?”. Journalism Studies, 13(3), p. 305-324.
  • Chyi, H.I.; Yang, M.J. (2009). “Is Online News an Inferior Good? Examining the Economic Nature of Online News among Users”. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 86(3), p. 594-612.
  • Chyi, H.I. [et al.]. (2009). “Local Newspa-per Readership in the 21st Century: Exploring Differences Between ‘Hybrid’ and Online-Only Users”. Conference Papers - International Communication Association.
  • Chyi, H.I. [et al.]. (2010). “Use of and Sa-tisfaction with Newspaper Sites in the Local Market: Exploring Differences between Hybrid and Online-Only Users”. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 87(1), p. 62-83.
  • De Waal, E.; Schoenbach, K. (2010). “News Sites’ Position in the Mediascape: Uses, Evaluations and Media Displacement Effects over Time”. New Media & Society, 12(3), p. 477-496.
  • Edmonds, R.; Gruskin, M.; Jurkowitz, M. (2013). “Newspapers: Stabilizing but Still Threatened”. En: The State of the News Me-dia 2013, Pew Research Center. Disponible en: <http://stateofthemedia.org/2013/news-papers-stabilizing-but-still-threatened/>. Consultado el 6 de mayo de 2014.
  • Estok, D.M. (2011). “Paywalls”. Journal of Professional Communication 1(1), p. 23-26.
  • Eveland, W.P.; Dunwoody, S. (2002). “An Investigation of Elaboration and Selective Scanning as Mediators of Learning from the Web versus Print”. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 46(1), p. 34-53.
  • Fetscherin, M.; Knolmayer, G. (2004). “Business Models for Content Delivery: An Empi-rical Analysis of the Newspaper and Magazine Industry”. The International Journal on Media Management, 6(1/2), p. 4.
  • Gans, H.J. (2003). Democracy and the News. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Goyanes, M. (2013). “Estrategias y modelos de negocio: aclaración de conceptos y terminología de la prensa en internet”. Estudios sobre el Mensaje Periodístico. Vol. 19, núm. 1, p. 419-431.
  • Habermas, J. (1989). The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: an Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
  • Johnson, M.W.; Christensen, C.M.; Kager-mann, H. (2008). “Reinventing your Business Model”. Harvard Business Review, 86(12), p. 57-68.
  • Jones, G.M. (1960). “Educators, Electrons, and Business Models - a Problem in Synthesis”. Accounting Review, 35(4), p. 619-626.
  • Josephi, B. (2013). “How Much Democracy Does Journalism Need?”. Journalism, 14(4), p. 474-489.
  • Lasswell, H. (1927). Propaganda Technique in the World War. Nueva York: A.A. Knopf.
  • Lippmann, W. (1922). Public Opinion. Nueva York: Harcourt.
  • MacNamara, J. (2010). “Remodelling Media: the Urgent Search for New Media Business Models”. Media International Australia, 137, (Australia), p. 20-35.
  • Magretta, J. (2002). “Why Business Models Matter”. Harvard Business Review, 80, (5), p. 86-92.
  • McCombs, M.; Shaw, D. (1972). “The Agenda Setting Function of Mass Media”. Public Opinion Quarterly, 36, p. 176-187.
  • McCombs, M.; Becker, L.B.; Shaw, D.L. (1977). The Emergence of American Political Issues: The Agenda-Setting Function of the Press. St. Paul, Minn.: West Publishing.
  • McCombs, M.; López-Escobar, E.; Llamas, J.P. (2000). “Setting the Agenda of Attributes in the 1996 Spanish General Election”. Journal of Communication, 50(2), p. 77-92.
  • McPhilips, S.; Merlo, O. (2008). “Media Convergence and the Evolving Media Business Model: an Overview and Strategic Oppor-tunities”. The Marketing Review,8(3), Westburn Publishers, p. 237-253.
  • Mindich, D.T.Z. (2005). Tuned out: Why Americans under 40 Don’t Follow the News. Nueva York: Oxford University Press.
  • Morris, M.; Schindehutte, M.; Allen, J. (2005). “The Entrepreneur’s Business Model: toward a Unified Perspective”. Journal of Busi-ness Research, 58(6), p. 726-735.
  • Nerone, J. (2013). “The Historical Roots of the Normative Model of Journalism”. Journa-lism, 14(4), p. 446-458.
  • Osterwalder, A.; Pigneur, Y. (2012). Generación de modelos de negocio. Madrid: Deusto.
  • Osterwalder, A.; Pigneur, Y.; Tucci, C.L. (2005). “Clarifying Business Models: Origins, Present, and Future of the Concept”. Communications of the Association for Information Systems, 16, p. 1-25.
  • Papacharissi, Z. (2002). “The Virtual Sphere: The Internet as a Public Sphere”. New Media & Society, 4(1), p. 9-27.
  • Picard, R.G. (2003). “Cash Cows or Entrecôte: Publishing Companies and Disruptive Technologies”. Trends in Communication, 11(2), 127-136.
  • Picard, R.G. (2004). “Commercialism and Newspaper quality”. Newspaper Research Journal, 25(1), p. 54-65.
  • Picard, R.G. (2010). Value Creation and the Future of News Organizations. Lisboa: Media XXI.
  • Picard, R.G. (2011). “Mapping Digital Media: Digi-tization and Media Business Models”. Reference Series, 5, Open Society Foundation.
  • Prior, M. (2005). “News vs. Entertainment: How Increasing Media Choice Widens Gaps in Political Knowledge and Turnout”. American Journal of Political Science, 49(3), p. 577-592.
  • Rayport, J.F.; Jaworski, B.J. (2001). E-commerce. Nueva York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin.
  • Rogers, E.M.; Chaffee, S.H. (1983). “Communication as an Academic Discipline - A Dia-log”. Journal of Communication, 33(3), p. 18-30.
  • Salaverría, R.; Negredo, S. (2008). Periodismo integrado. Barcelona. Editorial Sol90.
  • Sánchez-Tabernero, A. (2000). Dirección estratégica de empresas de comunicación. Madrid: Cátedra.
  • Slywotzky, A.J. (1996). Value Migration: How to Think Several Moves Ahead of the Competition. Boston, Mass.: Harvard Business School Press.
  • Soto Rojas, E.P., [et al.] (2012). “Business Model Development for Virtual Enterprises”. Collaborative Networks in the Internet of Services, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 624-634.
  • Tapscott, D.T. (1997). “Strategy in the New Economy”. Strategy & Leadership,25 (6), Chicago, Strategic Leadership Forum, p. 8-14.
  • Teece, D.J. (2010). “Business Models, Business Strategy and Innovation”. Long range planning, 43(2), p. 172-194.
  • Tewksbury, D.; Althaus, S.L. (2000). “Differences in Knowledge Acquisition among Readers of the Paper and Online Versions of a National Newspaper”. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 77(3), p. 457-479.
  • Tewksbury, D. (2003). “What Do Ameri-cans Really Want to Know? Tracking the Beha-vior of News Readers on the Internet”. Journal of Communication, 53(4), p. 694-710.
  • Timmers, P. (1998). “Business Models for Electronic Markets”. Electronic Markets, 8 (2), p. 3-8.
  • Trombly, R. (2000). “E-business Models”. Computerworld, 34(49), p. 61-62.
  • Vara Miguel, A. (2013). “Tendencias en el cobro por contenidos digitales”. Libro Blanco de la prensa diaria 2014. Asociación Española de Editores de Prensa (AEDE), Madrid, p. 179-190.
  • Vara Miguel, A.; Díaz Espina, C. (2012). “Modelos de negocio y estrategia editorial: el caso del WSJ.com”. Revista de Comunicación(11), p. 110-128.
  • Vara Miguel, A.; Sanjurjo, E.; Díaz-Espina, C. (2014). “Paid News vs Free News: Evolution of the wsj.com Business Model from a Content Perspective (2010-2012)”. Comunicación y Sociedad / Communication and Society. Vol. 27, núm. 2, p. 147-167.
  • Westerlund, M.; Rajala, R.; Leminen, S. (2011). Insights into the Dynamics of Business Models in the Media Industry. Vantaa: Laurea Publications A74.
  • White, D.M. (1950). “The ‘Gate-Keeper’: A Case Study in the Selection of News”. Journalism Quarterly, 27, p. 383-390.
  • Yang, M.J.; Chyi, H.I. (2011). “Competing with Whom? Where? And Why (Not)? An Empirical Study of U.S. Online Newspapers’ Com-petition Dynamics”. Journal of Media Business Studies, 8(4), p. 59-74.
  • Zott, C.; Amit, R.; Massa, L. (2011). “The Business Model: Recent Developments and Future Research”. Journal of Management, 37(4), p. 1019-1042.